CS3110 OCaml Style Guide

You have spent many years in secondary school learning English style and usage.  Programming languages are no different.  Every programming language has its own idioms and idiosyncrasies, and forcing one language's style upon another is like trying to speak French using the rules of English grammar.  Of course there are some elements that are shared between all languages, which you will discover in the course of learning OCaml and comparing it with languages you already know.  But there are some fundamental differences that make programming in OCaml quite different from programming in C or Java.

One of our main goals in this class is for you to develop an appreciation for concise, precise, and elegant code.  This is in part reflected in your programming style.  As you will soon realize, this class takes style very seriously.  Listed below are some stylistic rules for OCaml which we would like you to follow.  We will initially be quite strict and will deduct points for stylistic infractions, even if your program is functionally correct.

File Submission

80 Column Limit. No line of code may have more than 80 columns.  Using more than 80 columns causes your code to wrap around to the next line, which is devastating to readability.  Our installation of Emacs with Tuareg for Windows will give you a warning if you try to save a file with more than 80 columns.

No Tab Characters. Do not use the tab character (0x09).  Instead, use spaces to control indenting.  The Emacs package from this website avoids using tabs (with the exception of pasting text from the clipboard or kill ring).  This is because the width of a tab is not uniform across all computers, and what looks good on your machine may look ugly on mine, especially if there are mixed spaces and tabs.

Code Must Compile. Any code you submit must compile under OCaml without errors or warnings.  If it does not compile, we will not grade it.  That means you will not receive any points for that problem.  There is no excuse for it to not compile.  Never submit anything that you have changed, no matter how small the change, without checking that it still compiles.  You should treat compiler warnings as errors.

Comments

Comments Go Above the Code They Reference, as in the following example: 

(* Sums a list of integers. *)
let sum = List.fold_left (+) 0

Avoid Useless Comments. Avoid comments that merely repeat the code they reference or state the obvious.  Comments should state the invariants, the non-obvious, or any references that have more information about the code.  The preceding example contains a comment that is obvious and should be omitted.

Avoid Over-commenting. Very many or very long comments in the code body are often more distracting than helpful.  Long comments may appear at the top of a file if you wish to explain the overall design of the code or refer to any sources that have more information about the algorithms or data structures.  All other comments in the file should be as short as possible.  A good place for a comment is just before a function declaration.  Judicious choice of variable names can help minimize the need for comments.

Line Breaks. Empty lines should only be included between value declarations within a struct block, especially between function declarations.  It is not necessary to put empty lines between other declarations unless you are separating the different types of declarations (such as structures, types, exceptions and values).  Unless function declarations within a let block are long, there should be no empty lines within a let block. There should never be an empty line within an expression.

Multi-line Commenting. When comments are printed on paper, the reader lacks the advantage of color highlighting performed by an editor such as Emacs.  Multiline comments can be distinguished from code by preceding each line of the comment with a * similar to the following: 

(* This is one of those rare but long comments
 * that need to span multiple lines because
 * the code is unusually complex and requires
 * extra explanation. *)
fun complicatedFunction () = ...

Naming and Declarations

Naming Conventions. The best way to tell at a glance something about the type of a variable is to use the standard OCaml naming conventions.  The following are the preferred rules that are followed by the standard OCaml libraries:

Token   OCaml Naming Convention   Example
Variables   Symbolic or initial lower case. Use embedded caps for multiword names. Underscores are also occasionally used.   getItem
Constructors   Initial upper case.  Use embedded caps for multiword names.  Historic exceptions are nil, true, and false.  Rarely are symbolic names like :: used.   Node
EmptyQueue
Types   All lower case.  Use underscores for multiword names.   priority_queue
Signatures   All upper case.  Use underscores for multiword names.   PRIORITY_QUEUE
Structures   Initial upper case.  Use embedded caps for multiword names.   PriorityQueue
Functors   Same as for structures, except Fn completes the name.   PriorityQueueFn

These conventions are not enforced by the compiler, though violations of the variable/constructor conventions ought to cause warning messages because of the danger of a constructor turning into a variable when it is misspelled.

Use Meaningful Names. Another way of conveying information is to use meaningful variable names that reflect their intended use.  Choose words or combinations of words describing the value.  Variable names may be one letter in short let blocks.  Functions used ephemerally in a fold, filter, or map are often bound to the name f.  Here is an example for short variable names:

let d = Unix.localtime(Unix.time()) in
let m = d.Unix.tm_min in
let s = d.Unix.tm_sec in
let f n = (n mod 3) = 0 in
  List.filter f [m;s]

Type Annotations. Top-level functions and values should be declared with types.  Consider the difference between the following:

let foo x = x+1

let foo(x:int):int = x+1

Mutable Variables. Mutable variables are at odds with the philosophy of functional programming and should be used sparingly.  They are used primarily to maintain local state in a closure.  Other uses should be avoided.  In particular, global mutable variables cause many problems.  First, it is difficult to ensure that a global mutable variable is in the proper state, since it might have been modified outside the function or by a previous execution of the algorithm.  This is especially problematic with concurrent threads.  Second, and more importantly, having global mutable variables makes it more likely that your code is non-reentrant.  Without proper knowledge of the ramifications, declaring global mutable variables can extend beyond bad style to incorrect code.

Renaming. You should rarely need to rename values, in fact this is a sure way to obfuscate code.  Renaming should be backed up with a very good reason. One instance where renaming is common and even encouraged is to alias external structures referenced by the current structure.  Here the external structure is aliased to a one- or two-letter name at the top of the struct block. This serves two purposes: it shortens the name of the structure and it documents the structures you use. Here is an example:

struct
  module H = HashTable
  module A = Array
  ...
end

Order of Declarations in a Structure. When declaring elements in a structure, you should first alias the structures you intend to use, followed by the types, followed by exceptions, and lastly list all the value declarations for the structure. Here is an example:

struct
  module L = List
  type foo = unit
  exception InternalError
  let first list = L.nth(list,0)
end

Every declaration within the structure should be indented the same amount.

Indenting

Indent by two or three spaces.  Be consistent.

Long expressions can be broken up and the parts aligned, as in the second example.  Either is acceptable.

let x = "Long line..."^
  "Another long line."

let x = "Long line..."^
        "Another long line."

Match expressions should be indented as follows:

match expr with
  pat1 -> ...
| pat2 -> ...

If the code for each case is long or requies multiple lines, it should be indented as follows:

match expr with
  pat1 ->
    ...
| pat2 ->
    ...

If expressions should be indented according to one of the following schemes:

if exp1 then exp2              if exp1 then
else if exp3 then exp4           exp2
else if exp5 then exp6         else exp3
     else exp8

if exp1 then exp2 else exp3    if exp1 then exp2
                               else exp3

Comments should be indented to the level of the line of code that follows the comment.

Parentheses

Over-Parenthesizing.  Parentheses have many semantic purposes in OCaml, including constructing tuples, grouping sequences of side-effect expressions, forcing a non-default parse of an expression, and grouping structures for functor arguments.  Their usage is very different from C or Java.  Avoid unnecessary parentheses when their presence makes your code harder to understand.

Match expressions.  Wrap inner nested match expressions with parentheses.  This avoids a common error. If the inner match expression is already wrapped by a let...in...end block, you can drop the parentheses.

Block Styles. Blocks of code such as let...in should be indented as follows.

let foo bar =
  let p = 4 in
  let q = 38 in
    bar * (p+q)

Blocks of code such as struct...end and sig...end should be indented as follows.

module type S =
sig
   type t
   type u
   val x : t
end

Pattern Matching

No Incomplete Pattern Matches.  Incomplete pattern matches are flagged with compiler warnings, which are tantamount to errors for grading purposes.  If your program exhibits this behavior, the problem will get no points.

Use Pattern Matching in Function Arguments.  Tuples, records and datatypes can be deconstructed using pattern matching.  If you simply deconstruct the function argument before you do anything useful, it is better to pattern match in the function argument. Consider these examples:

Bad            Good 
let f arg1 arg2 =
  let x = fst arg1 in
  let y = snd arg1 in
  let z = fst arg2 in
    ...
  
fun f (x,y) (z,_) = ...
 
let f arg1 = let
  let x = arg1.foo in
  let y = arg1.bar in
  let baz = arg1.baz in
    ...
end
  
let f {foo=x, bar=y, baz=baz} = ...

Function Arguments Should Not Use Values for Patterns. You should only deconstruct values with variable names and/or wildcards in function arguments.  If you want to pattern match against a specific value, use a match expression or an if expression.  We include this rule because there are too many errors that can occur when you don't do this just right.  Thus of the following two examples, you should use the latter:

let rec fact = function
    0 -> 1
  | n -> n * fact(n-1)

let rec fact n =
  if n=0 then 1
  else n * fact(n-1)

Avoid Unnecessary Projections.  Prefer pattern matching to projections with function arguments or a value declarations.  Using projections is okay as long as it is infrequent and the meaning is clearly understood from context.  The above rule shows how to pattern-match in the function arguments.  Here is an example for pattern matching with value declarations.

Bad            Good 
val v = someFunction() in
let x = fst v in
let y = snd v in
  x+y
   
let (x,y) = someFunction() in
  x+y


Combine nested match Expressions.  Rather than nest match expressions, you can combine them by pattern matching against a tuple, provided the tests in the match expressions are independent.  Here is an example:

Bad 
let d = Unix.localtime(Unix.time()) in
  match d.Unix.tm_mon with
    0 -> (match d.Unix.tm_mday with
             1 -> print_string "Happy New Year"
           | _ -> ())
  | 5 -> (match d.Unix.tm_mday with
            4 -> print_string "Happy Independence Day"
          | _ -> ())
  | 9 -> (match d.Unix.tm_mday with
             10 -> print_string "Happy Metric Day"
           | _ -> ())

Good 
let d = Unix.localtime(Unix.time()) in
  match (d.Unix.tm_mon, d.Unix.tm_day) with
    (0, 1) -> print_string "Happy New Year"
  | (5, 4) -> print_string "Happy Independence Day"
  | (9, 10) -> print_string "Happy Metric Day"
  | _ -> ()

Avoid the use of List.hd and List.tl.  The functions List.hd and List.tl are used to deconstruct list types.  However, they raise an exception if the list is empty.  It is better to avoid them altogether.  It is usually easy to achieve the same effect with pattern matching.  If you cannot manage to avoid them, you should handle any exceptions that they might raise.

Factoring

Avoid breaking expressions over multiple lines.  If a tuple consists of more than two or three elements, you should consider using a record instead of a tuple.  Records have the advantage of placing each name on a separate line and still looking good.  Constructing a tuple over multiple lines makes for ugly code.  Other expressions that take up multiple lines should be done with care.  The best way to transform code that constructs expressions over multiple lines to something that has good style is to factor the code using a let expression.  Consider the following:

Bad 
     let third = fun (x,y,z) -> z in
     let euclid (m,n) : (int * int * int) =
       if n=0 then (b 1, b 0, m)
       else (snd (euclid (n, m mod n)), u - (m div n) *
            (euclid (n, m mod n)), third (euclid (n, m mod n)))
Better 
     let third = fun (x,y,z) -> z in
     fun euclid (m,n) : (int * int * int) =
       if n=0 then (b 1, b 0, m)
       else (snd (euclid (n, m mod n)),
            u - (m div n) * (euclid (n, m mod n)),
            third (euclid (n, m mod n)))
Best 
     let euclid (m,n) : (int * int * int) =
       if n=0 then (b 1, b 0, m)
       else
         let q = m div n in
         let r = m mod n in
         let (u, v, g) = euclid (n, r) in
           (v, u - q*v, g)

Do not factor unnecessarily.

Bad

     let x = input_line stdin in
       match x with
         ...
     end

Good

     match input_line stdin with
       ...

Bad (provided y is not a large expression)

let val x = y*y in x+z end

Good

y*y + z

Verbosity

Don't Rewrite Library Functions. The OCaml library has a great number of functions and data structures -- use them!  Often students will recode List.filter, List.map, and similar functions.  A more subtle situation for recoding is all the fold functions.  Writing a function that recursively walks down the list should make vigorous use of List.fold_left or List.fold_right.  Other data structures often have a folding function; use them whenever they are available.

Misusing if Expressions.  Remember that the type of the condition in an if expression is bool. In general, the type of an if expression is 'a, but in the case that the type is bool, you should not be using if at all. Consider the following:


Bad            Good
if e then true else false   e
if e then false else true   not e
if beta then beta else false   beta
if not e then x else y   if e then y else x
if x then true else y   x || y
if x then y else false   x && y
if x then false else y   not x && y
if x then y else true   not x || y


Misusing match Expressions.  The match expression is misused in two common situations.  First, match should never be used in place of an if expression (that's why if exists).  Note the following:

match e with
  true -> x
| false -> y

if e then x else y

The latter is much better.  Another situation where if expressions are preferred over match expressions is as follows:

match e with
  c -> x   (* c is a constant value *)
| _ -> y

if e=c then x else y

The latter is definitely better.  The other misuse is using match when pattern matching with a val declaration is enough. Consider the following:

let x = match expr with (y,z) -> y

let (x,_) = expr

The latter is better.

Other Common Misuses.  Here are some other common mistakes to watch out for:

Bad            Good
l::nil   [l]
l::[]   [l]
length + 0   length
length * 1   length
E * E   (E is a big expression)   let val x = E in x*x end
if x then f a b c1
else f a b c2		   f a b (if x then c1 else c2)


Don't Rewrap Functions.  When passing a function as an argument to another function, don't rewrap the function unnecessarily.  Here's an example:

List.map (fun x -> sqrt x) [1.0, 4.0, 9.0, 16.0]

List.map sqrt [1.0, 4.0, 9.0, 16.0]

The latter is better. Another case for rewrapping a function is often associated with infix binary operators. To prevent rewrapping the binary operator, put parentheses around the operator to refer to the function form, as in the following example:

List.fold_left (fun (x,y) -> x + y) 0

List.fold_left (+) 0

The latter is better.

Avoid Computing Values Twice.  If you compute a value twice, you're wasting CPU time and making your program ugly. The best way to avoid computing values twice is to create a let expression and bind the computed value to a variable name. This has the added benefit of letting you document the purpose of the value with a name.