T-Th 9:05
or
T-Th 11:15
in Olin 155

CS 1110: Introduction to Computing Using Python

Fall 2017

Assignment 3:
Color Models

Due to CMS by Thursday, October 5th at 11:59 pm.

Now that you have been introduced to the basics of writing functions, we are going to start having more interesting assignments that take advantage of the graphics capabilities of Python. This assignment is the first of many GUI applications we will work on in this course.

One of the main things that you will learn in this assignment is that there are many different ways to represent color, and the choice of color model often depends on the application. For example, RGB is used when the colors need to be displayed on a computer monitor (such as a web site), while CMYK is often used for printing out colors on paper.

You have a lot longer to do this assignment than the previous one — a little less than two weeks. However, you should still start early on this assignment as the due date is just before you leave for Fall Break. If you do not know where to start, or if you are completely lost, please see someone immediately: either the instructor, a TA, or a consultant. A little in-person help can do wonders.

As before, remember to fill out the survey telling us how long you worked on this assignment.

Important: Python has a built-in color conversion module called colorsys. You are forbidden from using that module in this assignment.

Learning Objectives

This assignment is design to help you understand the following concepts.

  • It introduces three color models that are used in computing and graphics.
  • It gives you practice in writing complex functions with conditionals.
  • It gives you experience with using traces debug program flow.
  • It introduces you to the notion of attribute invariants.
  • It demonstrates a complex Python application that spans multiple modules.

Even though this is a complex Python application, we have provided most of the modules for you. You only need to focus on one module: a3.py (as well as the unit test a3test.py) As the semester progresses, we will provide you with less and less.

Table of Contents

Authors: D. Gries, W. White, L. Lee, S. Marschner.

Academic Integrity and Collaboration

Academic Integrity

This assignment is a slightly modified version of an assignment given in a previous semester. Please do this assignment without consulting (or seeking) previous solutions. Consulting any prior solution is a violation of CS1110's academic integrity policies.

Unlike the previous assignments, it is highly unlikely that your code for this assignment will look exactly like someone else's. This is the first assignment that we will actively be using Moss to check for instances of plagiarism. If you do collaborate with another person, you should clearly state this in your module comments; otherwise, this may result in an Academic Integrity hearing.

Important: Python has a built-in color conversion module called colorsys. You are forbidden from using that module in this assignment.

Collaboration Policy

You may do this assignment with one other person. If you are going to work together, then form your group on CMS as soon as possible. If you do this assignment with another person, you must work together. It is against the rules for one person to do some programming on this assignment without the other person sitting nearby and helping.

If you do talk about this assignment with someone outside your group, please note this in both the header docstring for a3.py, as well as the function specification for the part that you talked about. If it is clear from looking at your assignments that this did not make a big difference in your understanding, we will not take off any points (though we reserve the right to). Whatever the case, we will not hold an academic integrity hearing if if cite the collaboration.

An Overview of Color Models

Color Model RGB

The RGB system is named after the initials of the three color names: red, green, and blue. In this color model, light from these three colors is mixed to produce other colors, as shown in the image to the left. Black is the absence of color; white the maximum presence of all three.

In the upper right is a colored image. Below it is its separation into red, green, and blue (here is a high resolution version). In the three separation panels, the closer to black a point is, the less of that color it has. For example, the white snow is made up of a large amount of all three colors, whereas the brown barn is made up of red and green with very little blue. Because it works by adding colors to black, the RGB system is “additive”.

The color model RGB is used in your TV and computer screens, and hence on web pages. Its roots are in the 1953 RCA color-TV standards. But the idea has been around longer; see this exhibit for some amazing full-color images taken with an RGB camera over 100 years ago.

In the RGB model used in most systems, the amount of each of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) is represented by a number in the range 0..255. Black, the absence of color, is [0, 0, 0]; white, the maximum presence of R, G, and B, is [255, 255, 255]. This means that there are 16,777,216 different colors.

In some graphics systems, RGB is used with float numbers in the range 0.0..1.0 instead of int values 0..255. The reasons for this discrepancy is that the mathematical formulas for color require real numbers 0.0..1.0, but it takes a lot less memory to store ints instead (and images require a lot of memory). In your program, you may have to convert each number in the integer range 0..255 to a float in 0.0..1.0, calculate a mathematical formula, and then convert back to 0..255.

Color Model CMYK

For your ink-jet printer, you buy expensive ink cartridges in the colors cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The printer mixes these inks in different amounts on paper to make the full range of colors. Black is referred to using K (originally for “Key”) to avoid confusion with Blue.

The process works similarly to RGB on a monitor, but in reverse. The paper starts off white (equal parts red, green, and blue), and the colors of these inks are chosen so that cyan ink absorbs red light, removing it from the color of the paper; similarly, magenta removes green, and yellow removes blue. Black ink removes all three colors in equal amounts. For instance, paper printed with only yellow ink appears the same color as a monitor that is displaying a yellow color [255, 255, 0] because it has removed all the blue, leaving the red and green. Printing magenta and cyan removes red and yellow and results in blue [0, 0, 255]. Because it works by removing color, this kind of system is “subtractive”.

Theoretically, only C, M, and Y are needed to achieve any color, but in practice it is hard to get a good black by mixing colored inks; instead you get a soggy, expensive brown-black. By using the black ink to do the “heavy lifting” of absorbing most of the light when printing dark colors, a lot of ink can be saved (This is a simplified view of color printing; more complicated calculations are needed to get accurate colors with real inks).

To demonstrate, in the upper right, we show you an image; below it is its separation into cyan, magenta, and yellow. To the right of that, you see the same image separated into four components; C, M, Y, K. Much less of the CMY colors is needed to make the image when black is also used (here is an enlarged version of the CMY image and an enlarged CMYK image).

In the CMYK system, each of the four components is traditionally represented by a percentage, which we represent in our system as a float value in the range 0.0..100.0.

Color Model HSV (or HSB)

The HSV model, used heavily in graphics applications, was created in 1978 by Alvy Ray Smith. Artists prefer the HSV model over others because of its similarities to the way humans perceive color. HSV can be explained in terms of the cone that appears to the left.

H, the Hue, defines the basic color. H is an angle in the range 0 ≤ H < 360, if one views the top of the cone as a disk. Red is at angle 0. As the angle increases, the hue changes to orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, violet, magenta, and back to red. The image above shows the angles for some colors.

S, in the range 0 ≤ S ≤ 1, is the Saturation. It indicates the distance from the center of the disk. The lower the S value, the more faded and grayer the color. The higher the S value, the stronger and more vibrant the color.

V, the Value, also called the Brightness, is in the range 0 ≤ V ≤ 1. It indicates the distance along the line from the point of the cone to the disk at the top. If V is 0, the color is black; if 1, the color is as bright as possible.

To the right at the top is a picture. Below it we see its hue, saturation (white is zero saturation, red is full saturation), and brightness components. The hue component shows color. The snow has color, but its saturation is low, making it almost grayish. Look at the various components of the image —the sky, the green grass, the snow, the dark side of the barn, and so on — to see how each component H, S, and V contributes. You can see more detail in this high-resolution version.

The cornell Color Classes

All of the color models of the previous section are provided by the module cornell, which was installed with Cornell Extensions. This module provides three different classes: RGB, CMYK, and HSV. It lacks the ability to convert between these classes. That is the focus of this assignment.

In addition to these three clases, cornell also has some constants (e.g. global variables that should not be altered) that you can use for the various colors. All of these colors are in the RGB color space. For example, cornell.MAGENTA is [255, 0 , 255] and cornell.ORANGE is [255, 200, 0]. There is a Wikipedia page with a list of colors that gives (non-Python) names to many RGB colors.

The Class RGB

The class RGB is the type of objects that represent RGB color. Objects of type RGB have three attributes: red, green, and blue (they also have a secret attribute alpha which will not be used in this assignment). For example, if c is a variable containing a (name of) an RGB object, you would use the expression c.red to access the red value.

The RGB constructor function takes three arguments, assigning these values to the attributes in the order red, green, and blue. For example, to create an RGB object representing the color red, use the assignment 

red = cornell.RGB(255,0,0)

The Class CMYK

The class CMYK is the type of objects that represent CMYK color. Objects of type CMYK have four attributes: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. For example, if c is a variable containing a (name of) a CMYK object, you would use the expression c.cyan to access the cyan value.

The CMYK constructor function takes four arguments, assigning these values to the attributes in the order cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. For example, to create a CMYK object representing the color red, use the assignment 

red = cornell.CMYK(0.0,100.0,100.0,0.0)

The Class HSV

The class HSV is the type of objects that represent HSV color. Objects of type HSV have three attributes: hue, saturation, and value. For example, if c is a variable containing a (name of) a HSV object, you would use the expression c.hue to access the hue value.

The HSV constructor function takes three arguments, assigning these values to the attributes in the order hue, saturation, and value. For example, to create an HSV object representing the color red, use the assignment 

red = cornell.HSV(0.0,1.0,1.0)

Attribute Invariants

All of the objects in this assignment have attribute invariants. An attribute invariant is a property of an attribute (which is essentially a variable) inside an object. The invariant cannot be violated. Attempting to violate an invariant will cause an error and crash Python.

For example, for RGB objects, the red attribute has an invariant that it must be an int and it must be in the range 0..255, inclusive. The following code produces an error: 

>>> import cornell
>>> rgb = cornell.RGB(255,255,255)
>>> rgb.red = -1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
AssertionError: value -1 is outside of range [0,255]

The invariants in the cornell color classes are provided for your benefit. They are there to help you catch errors. All you need to do is to make sure that you never assign a value to an attribute that violates an invariant.

The invariants for this assignment are as follows:

  • All attributes of RGB must be ints, and in the range 0 to 255, inclusive.
  • All attributes of CMYK must be floats, and in the range 0.0 to 100.0, inclusive.
  • The hue attribute of HSV must be a float in the range 0.0 to 360.0, not including 360.0.
  • The saturation and value attributes of HSV must all be floats, and in the range 0.0 to 1.0, inclusive.
For more details see the color model documentation for this assignment.

Assignment Overview

For this assignment, we are providing you with a lot of code already written. In that respect, this assignment is going to be a lot more like a lab, where you fill in the extra details. In addition, we are providing you with an online color conversion tool, so that you know what your answers should look like.

Assignment Source Code

As we said above, this assignment will involve several files. You will need to download four files. Two are completed by us, and the other two have functions stubs or incomplete implementations that you must finish yourselves. They must all be in the same directory for this assignment to work. You can find all of these modules in a single compressed zip file, which is available here.

The following are the two completed source code files (You should not need to modify the contents of any of these files at all):

a3app.py
This module provides the GUI functionality (e.g. window, sliders, and text boxes) of the program. It will not work at first, but will become more functional as you complete more of the assignment.
colormodel.kv
This is not a Python module; this is a special file that Kivy uses to arrange the sliders, buttons, and other widgets in the application. It must be in the same directory as all of the other modules.

In addition, the following source code files are skeletons (i.e., they are incomplete and you are expected to add functionality to them):

a3.py
The class contains the functions that do most of the work behind the scenes. Filling in the function stubs in this class will help a3app.py work properly.
a3test.py
This is a unit test module to verify that the module a3 is working properly. We do not trust our visual color perception enough to leave all the testing to "eye-balling".

To get started with the source code, put them all in a new directory. They must all be in the same folder to work. You then need to run a3app.py as a script. That is, open the command shell and navigate to the directory for this assignment. Then type 

   python a3app.py

You will see a bunch of crazy messages that look like this: 

[INFO   ] Kivy v1.7.2
[INFO   ] [Logger      ] Record log in ...
[INFO   ] [Factory     ] 144 symbols loaded
[DEBUG  ] [Cache       ] register <kv.lang> with limit=None, timeout=Nones
[DEBUG  ] [Cache       ] register <kv.image> with limit=None, timeout=60s
[DEBUG  ] [Cache       ] register <kv.atlas> with limit=None, timeout=Nones
[DEBUG  ] [Cache       ] register <kv.texture> with limit=1000, timeout=60s
[DEBUG  ] [Cache       ] register <kv.shader> with limit=1000, timeout=60s
...

That is Kivy (our GUI library) initializing the application. When the messages are done, you should see a GUI window that looks like the following.

In this application there is a solid color panel in the upper left, some sliders on the right, and some text boxes and buttons down at the bottom. Right now, very little works. If you move the RGB sliders, you will see the color panels change color; however, none of the other sliders work. You can also change the color by entering the new color value into the R, G, and B fields and then hitting the RGB button; none of the other fields or buttons do anything.

Your job is to write and test, one by one, the functions in module a3. As you do, more and more of the GUI will work properly.

Understanding the Program GUI

A working GUI should look like the one shown below. The color panels on the left should be two different colors, and they should each be the complement of the other. The text will also be in the complement color, and it will display the color values, in RGB, CMYK, and HSV, for the background color.

You can change these colors by moving the sliders. If you move the sliders in one color model, then the sliders in the other color models will follow automatically. This way, all three models (RGB, CMYK, and HSV) register the same color.

On the bottom, you will see fields into which you can type numbers for the RGB, CMYK, and HSV components. In the illustration above, you can see that we have started to type numbers into the fields for RGB. Once we are done typing, we can press the RGB button to make this the new color. The same thing works in the other color models. This allows you to try exact colors while testing your application.

The numbers in the text field should be in their respective ranges: 0..255 for R, G, B; 0.0..100.0 for C, M, Y, K; 0.0..1.0 for S, V; and 0.0..359.99999999 for H. If you type in a negative number, the program replaces it and uses 0 instead. If you type in too large a number, the program replaces it and uses the maximum value for the range.

We will show off our solution several times in class. We will also make it available to TAs to show in office hours.

Experimenting with the Color Models

If we could, we would give you a sample solution to play with so that you would see what a working program is supposed to look like. Unfortunately, we cannot do that. Python is not a compiled language, so there is no easy way to give you a solution without showing you the source code.


Click on Image to Experiment

Instead, we are doing the next best thing. We have provided you with an online color converter. Click on the image above to go to a special web page where you can enter various color values. This web page shows you what the answers should look like for various inputs (after you enter a value in a field on that page, you have to click on a different field to get the whole page to update to the new values). Use this page to help you design your test cases for the rest of the assignment.

Testing and Debugging

You should use the testing and debugging methodologies that you used in the first assignment. You will want to unit test with a3test.py; we have already started several of the test procedures for you. You will be graded on the completeness of your test cases. Remember our comments from the first assignment.

You will probably want to add print statements to a3.py for watches (e.g. print statements that display the contents of a variable) and traces (e.g. print statements that indicate the line of code that is currently executing). Traces will be particularly valuable for this assignment because it is the first major assignment involving conditionals. We talked about how to use traces in Lecture 7.

Because this is a much more complex assignment than the first, we recommend that you be very descriptive with your watches and traces. Suppose you are trying to find an error in function rgb_to_hsv (or in a function that calls rgb_to_hsv) and that rgb_to_hsv changes a variable h at line 36. Then, you might insert at line 37 a statement like 

   print('rgb_to_hsv: h at line 36 is '+ str(h))

Assignment Instructions

Below, we outline the functions that you are expected to write for this assignment. You should write and test your functions, one at a time, in the order given. Read the text below, but also make sure you carefully read the specifications and comments in the provided code. In this assignment, sometimes we give hints in the specs/comments about how best to write your functions.

complement_rgb(rgb)

We gave you some partial code that you need to fix. The complement of a color is like a color negative. If R, G, and B were color components of the RGB value in the range 0.0..1.0 (not 0..255!), then the color components of the complement would be 1-R, 1-G, and 1-B. However, since we are using values in the range 0..255, the complementary color of the RGB color [r, g, b] is the color [255-r, 255-g, 255-b].

Currently this function does not work. Instead, it makes a copy of the RGB object in the parameter variable. You will need to change the arguments to the RGB constructor to get it to return the complement instead.

After completing this function, run a3app.py as a script. You will now see text in the colored boxes. This text will have a lot of information, including the RGB value of the current color. However, the CMYK and HSV information will still be blank.

round(value, places)

This function might seem really weird. There is already a round function built into Python. Why are we defining our own round function. The problem is that built-in round in Python is underspecified; the specification does not tell us how to accurately handle numbers on the border. Depending on your computer, you might see the following behavior: 

>>> round(100.55,1)
100.5
>>> round(100.45,1)
100.5

Most students find this really confusing, and it can make testing this assignment very difficult. We are going to solve this problem by defining our own version of round. This version will always round up numbers at the border. So round(100.55,1) should return 100.6.

Currently this there is a stubbed-in return statement so that the function produces a value of the right type (i.e., a float). Write this function, commented hints in the function body. You should pay careful attention to the precondition, as that might be helpful. We have also provided test cases for this function in the module a3test (should you add more?) so that you can test it when done.

Throughout this assignment, you should use this version of round instead of the built-in one. However, read the specifications of the other functions carefully. Sometimes we do not want you to round at all. Only round when you are explicitly told that you are allowed to do so.

str5(value)

This function is similar to round, except for two major differences. First of all, it returns a string, not a number. More importantly, the number of places to round to are not constant. For example, str5(1.0567) returns '1.057', while str5(10.567) returns '10.57'

Within this assignment, this function should only be used to give the GUI in a consistent format; values should always be 5 characters long. In particular, it is meant to be used in the str5_cmyk and str5_hsv functions below. This function is also useful in testing, as shown in a3test. However, it is not meant to be used in any other function. In particular, do not use it in the conversion functions, since that results in a loss of mathematical precision.

To implement this function, you will want to use the round function that you defined in the previous step. Again, you should pay careful attention to the precondition, as that might be helpful. We provided test cases for it in module a3test (should you add more?).

Formatting CMYK and HSV Objects

To turn a color object into a string, you can use the str() function which you have seen in class. This is fine for RGB objects, as the attributes are integers. However, CMYK and HSV objects have float attributes, and they are a lot messier. Floats could potentially have 18 digits!

The functions str5_cmyk and str5_hsv act just like str(), except that they use str5 to limit the float attributes to just 5 characters. The following example in the Python interactive shell demonstrates the differences between these functions: 

>>> import cornell
>>> color = cornell.HSV(12,0.46792,0.32456)
>>> str(color)
'(12.0,0.46792,0.32456)'
>>> str5_hsv(color)
'(12.00, 0.468, 0.325)'

str5_cmyk(cmyk)

Implement this function according to the specification in a3.py. This function should call function str5 to round each CMYK value to 5 characters. We have provided you with a test case in a3test.py to show you how to test this funciton. You should provide at least one more test.

str5_hsv(hsv)

Implement this function according to the specification in a3.py. This function should call function str5 to round each HSV value to 5 characters. We do not provide test cases for this function. You must write at least two of them.

rgb_to_cmyk(rgb)

This function converts an RGB value to a CMYK value. When you get it working, moving the RGB sliders will cause the CMYK sliders to move as well. However, the reverse is not true; moving the CMYK sliders will still not affect the RGB sliders. There will also be no affect to the HSV sliders.

There are several different ways to convert, depending on how much black is used in the CMYK model. Our conversion uses as much black as possible. Let R, G, and B be the color components of the RGB value in the range 0.0..1.0 (not 0..255!); that means that you will need to divide the values in the RGB object by 255.0. Once you do that, then the conversion is as follows:

  1. Compute C' = 1 - R,   M' = 1 - G,   and   Y' = 1 - B.
  2. If C', M', and Y' are all 1, use the CMYK value (0, 0, 0 , 1).
    If not, compute and use the following:
    • K = minimum of C', M', and Y',
    • C = (C' - K)/(1 - K),   M = (M' - K)/(1 - K),   Y = (Y' - K)/(1 - K).

The resulting CMYK values are in the range 0.0..1.0, and they must be converted to the range 0..100.0. And that is it! Not too bad, right?

Do not round your answers. That is an unacceptable loss of precision.

When you implement this function, the numerical CMYK color will display properly in the two color panes (assuming that str5_cmyk is implemented correctly).

Testing

Providing test cases is a bit problematic because float values are only approximations to the real values, and slightly different ways of computing might produce different results. In fact, we saw this problem with currencies in the first assignment. This time, instead of using assert_floats_equal, you are allowed to use the str5 function defined in this assignment, since that is what appears in the color panes of the GUI.

To show you how to do this, we have provided three test cases in a3test. Add a few more test cases following our example. In designing your test cases, remember that you can use the online color conversion tool in order to find out what the values in one color model should be in a different color model.

cmyk_to_rgb(cmyk)

This function converts a CMYK value to an RGB value. Once you get it working, moving the CMYK sliders will cause the RGB sliders to also move (and so the two sets of sliders will work in tandem).

Let C, M, Y, and K be the color components of the CMYK value, all in the range 0.0..1.0 (not 0..100.0; you will need to convert this first). Then the conversion is as follows:

           R = (1 - C)(1 - K),            G = (1 - M)(1 - K),            and B = (1 - Y)(1 - K)

This produces RGB values in the range 0.0..1.0, and they must be converted to the range 0..255. You should use rounding in converting the answer to an int. We will say it again because students have not complied in previous semesters: ROUND; DO NOT TRUNCATE. Remember that casting truncates, and does not round.

Testing

You should put at least two test cases for this function in module a3test. Remember that you can use the online color conversion tool in order to find out what the values in one color model should be in a different color model.

rgb_to_hsv(rgb)

This function converts an RGB value to an HSV value. When you get the function working, moving the RGB sliders will cause the HSV sliders to move (but the reverse is not true).

Here is how the conversion works. First, convert the RGB values so that R, G, and B are in 0..1. Let MAX be the maximum and MIN be the minimum of the (R, G, B) values. H will satisfy 0 ≤ H < 360 and S, V will be in 0..1.

H is given by 5 different cases:

(a) MAX = MIN: H = 0
(b) MAX = R and G ≥ B:       H = 60.0 * (G - B) / (MAX - MIN)
(c) MAX = R and G < B: H = 60.0 * (G - B) / (MAX - MIN) + 360.0
(d) MAX = G: H = 60.0 * (B - R) / (MAX - MIN) + 120.0
(e) MAX = B: H = 60.0 * (R - G) / (MAX - MIN) + 240.0

S is given by: if MAX = 0 then 0, else 1 – MIN/MAX. Finally, V = MAX.

Do not round your answers. That is an unacceptable loss of precision.

When you implement this function, the numerical HSV color will display properly in the two color panes (assuming that str5_hsv is implemented correctly).

Testing

You will need to provide at least 5 test cases in the module a3test, so that each expression in the cases for H is evaluated in at least one test case. Again, remember that you can use the online color conversion tool in order to find out what the values in one color model should be in a different color model.

hsv_to_rgb(hsv)

This function converts an HSV value to an RGB value. Once you get it working, everything in the GUI should work (provided that you followed instructions in order and left this function for the end). In particular, the HSV sliders will cause the RGB sliders to also move.

To perform the conversion, you first need to compute the following values

Hi = floor(H/60),     f = H/60 - Hi,     p = V(1-S),     q = V(1-fS),     t = V(1-(1-f)S)

Once you have this computed, the values R, G, and B depend on the value Hi as follows:

  • If Hi = 0, then R = V,  G = t,    B = p
  • If Hi = 1, then R = q,   G = V,  B = p
  • If Hi = 2, then R = p,   G = V,  B = t
  • If Hi = 3, then R = p,   G = q,   B = V
  • If Hi = 4, then R = t,    G = p,   B = V
  • If Hi = 5, then R = V,  G = p,   B = q

This produces RGB values in the range 0.0..1.0, and they must be converted to the range 0..255. You should use rounding in converting the answer to an int. We will say it again because students have not complied in previous semesters: ROUND; DO NOT TRUNCATE. Remember that casting truncates, and does not round.

Note: If you look at the Wikipedia entry, you will note that it uses

             Hi = floor(H/60) % 6              and              f = H/60 - floor(H/60)

Because H satisfies 0 <= H < 360 (degrees), the values (floor(H/60) % 6) and floor(H/60) are equivalent. Therefore, we use the simpler one.

Testing

In testing your code, you should provide at least 6 test cases for this function because of the 6 possible values of Hi. Again, remember that you can use the online color conversion tool in order to find out what the values in one color model should be in a different color model.

Finishing the Assignment

Before you submit this assignment, you should be sure that everything is working and polished. Unlike the first assignment, you only get one submission for this assignment. If you make a mistake, you will not get an opportunity to correct it. With that said, you may submit multiple times before the due date. We will grade the most recent version submitted.

Once you have everything working you should go back and make sure that your program meets the class coding conventions. In particular, you should check that the following are all true:

  1. There are no tabs in the file, only spaces (this is not an issue if you used Komodo Edit).
  2. Functions are each separated by two blank lines.
  3. Lines are short enough (80 chars) that horizontal scrolling is not necessary.
  4. The specifications for all of the functions are complete and are docstrings.
  5. Specifications are immediately after the function header and indented.

Furthermore, at the top of each module that you worked on (a3.py, a3test.py) you have three single line comments with (1) the module name, (2) your name(s) and netid(s), and (3) the date you finished the assignment.

Upload the files a3.py and a3test.py to CMS by the due date: Thursday, October 5th at 11:59 pm. Do not submit any files with the extension/suffix .pyc. It will help to set the preferences in your operating system so that extensions always appear.

You do not get to revise this assignment, though you may submit multiple times before the due date. We will grade the most recent version submitted.

Survey

In addition to turning in the assignment, we ask that you complete the survey posted in CMS. Once again, the surveys will ask about things such as how long you spent on the assignment, your impression of the difficulty, and what could be done to improve it. Please try to complete the survey within a day of turning in this assignment. Remember that participation in surveys comprise 1% of your final grade.


Course Material Authors: D. Gries, L. Lee, S. Marschner, & W. White (over the years)